What is the evolutionary significance of phenotype plasticity?
Many organisms have the ability to express different phenotypes in response to environmental conditions. Such phenotypic plasticity allows individual organisms to develop appropriate morphological, physiological, or behavioral traits that better fit a particular environment that they encounter.
How does phenotypic plasticity influence evolutionary trajectories?
Phenotypic plasticity promotes persistence in a new environment. A change in the environment can release cryptic genetic variation via phenotypic plasticity, in turn impacting the rate of evolutionary responses.
How does phenotypic plasticity work?
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments. Horizontal lines show that the phenotype is the same in different environments; slanted lines show that there are different phenotypes in different environments, and thus indicate plasticity.
Is plasticity always adaptive?
1) Plasticity is—not surprisingly—sometimes adaptive, sometimes maladaptive, and sometimes neutral. 4) Plasticity sometimes aids colonization of new environments (Baldwin Effect) and responses to in situ environmental change. However, plastic responses are not always necessary or sufficient in these contexts.
What are three ways to study the evolution of phenotypic plasticity?
The evolution of plasticity is modeled in three ways: optimality models, quantitative genetic models, and gametic models.
Does phenotypic plasticity increase fitness?
Some genotypes, not genetically adapted to an environment, become adapted through phenotypic plasticity and thus increase their fitness. Here it is necessary to introduce the notion of an optimal phenotype for a given environment. This is the phenotype which leads to the best fitness within the population.
How does plasticity evolve?
The evolution of plasticity can be explained by the same process of genetic mutation and natural selection as any other feature that increases the fit between organisms and their environment. Rather than being just a strategy for survival, plasticity becomes a necessary component to create phenotypes.
What is an example of phenotypic plasticity?
Phenotypic plasticity refers to the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes depending on the environment in which it resides. For example, genetically identical water flea (Daphnia) clones can differ in their morphology depending on whether reared in the absence or presence of a potential predator.
What is plasticity biology?
Plasticity refers to the capacity of organisms or cells to alter their phenotype in response to changes in their environment.
What is plasticity in human development?
The ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environments is termed “plasticity,” and is part of the organism’s “adaptability” to environmental cues. It involves epigenetic responses to environmental changes, which exert their effects during life history phase transitions.
What is an example of phenotypic plasticity in humans?
From a human health perspective, documented examples of plasticity most commonly include the results of exercise, training, and/or dieting on human morphology and physiology.
Is phenotypic plasticity genetic?
Even though the phenotype is defined here to exclude the genome, in fact phenotypic plasticity always involves a change in gene expression or gene-product use (morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits always being products, in part, of gene expression).
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