Are cis-acting elements regulatory elements?
cis-Acting regulatory elements are important molecular switches involved in the transcriptional regulation of a dynamic network of gene activities controlling various biological processes, including abiotic stress responses, hormone responses and developmental processes.
Which of the following are cis-regulatory elements?
Cis-regulatory modules can be divided into three classes; enhancers, which regulate gene expression positively; insulators, which work indirectly by interacting with other nearby cis-regulatory modules; and silencers that turn off expression of genes.
Is cis an element a promoter?
In the simplest terms, gene promoters are DNA sequences located upstream of gene coding regions and contain multiple cis-acting elements, which are specific binding sites for proteins involved in the initiation and regulation of transcription.
Where are cis-acting elements located?
Cis-acting regulatory sequence elements are subsequences contained in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR), 3′ UTR, introns, and coding regions of precursor RNA and mature mRNA that are selectively recognized by a complementary set of one or more trans-acting factors to regulate posttranscriptional gene expression.
Where are regulatory elements located?
Regulatory elements are found at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and further enable molecular networks at those levels. For example, at the post-transcriptional level, the biochemical signals controlling mRNA stability, translation and subcellular localization are processed by regulatory elements.
What do we call the two main types of cis-regulatory elements?
There are two main types of cis sequences—enhancers and silencers. Current analyses reveal this basic division in a new light. It is difficult to unequivocally classify some of the cis sequences as enhancers or silencers since they may have some additional properties or both listed functions at the same time.
What is cis-regulatory sequence?
A noncoding DNA sequence in or near a gene required for proper spatiotemporal expression of that gene, often containing binding sites for transcription factors. Often used interchangeably with enhancer.
What are the regulatory elements in the genome?
Promoters and enhancers are the primary genomic regulatory components of gene expression. Promoters are DNA regions within 1–2 kilobases (kb) of a gene’s transcription start site (TSS); they contain short regulatory elements (DNA motifs) necessary to assemble RNA polymerase transcriptional machinery.
Where can I find plant cis-acting regulatory elements?
1 Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica, Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. PlantCARE is a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements, enhancers and repressors.
How do you find regulatory elements in a gene cluster?
By looking for over-represented oligonucleotide sequences, regulatory elements can be found, which are shared by some of the promoter sequences of genes from a given gene cluster (2). The knowledge on plant promoters is of major interest in biotechnology and will offer the possibility to control gene expression in many areas.
How many cis-acting regulatory elements have we collected so far?
At present, we have collected 417 cis-acting regulatory elements, of which 150 are from monocotyledonous species, 263 from dicotyledonous species and four from conifers, describing approximately 160 individual promoters from higher plant genes.